Title: Cold Weather Concreting

Author(s): ACI Committee 306

Publication: Materials Journal

Volume: 85

Issue: 4

Appears on pages(s): 280-302

Keywords: accelerating admixtures; age; aggregates; calcium chloride; cold weather; compressive strength; concrete construction; concretes; curing; durability; form removal; formwork (construction); freeze-thaw durability; heating; in-place testing; insulation; m

DOI: 10.14359/2102

Date: 7/1/1988

Abstract:
The general requirements for producing satisfactory concrete during cold weather are discussed, and methods for satisfying these requirements are described. One of the objectives of cold weather concreting practice is to provide protection of the concrete at early ages to prevent damage from freezing. For many structural concretes, protection considerably in excess of that required to prevent damage by early freezing is needed to assure development of adequate strength. The following items are discussed in the report: recommended temperature of concrete, temperature records, temperature of materials, preparations prior to placement, duration of protection period, methods for determining in-place strength, form removal, protective insulating covers, heated enclosures, curing methods, and accelerating admixtures. References are included that provide supplementary data on the effects of curing temperature on concrete strength.