Editor: Yail J. Kim and Nien-Yin Chang

Soil-structure interaction has been of interest over several decades; however, many challenging issues remain. Because all structural systems are founded on soil strata, transient and long-term foundation displacements, particularly differential settlement, can severely influence the behavior of structural members in buildings and bridges. This is particularly important when a structure is constructed in earthquake-prone areas or unstable soil regions. Adequate subsurface investigation, design, and construction methods are required to avoid various damage types from structural and architectural perspectives. Typical research approaches include laboratory testing and numerical modeling. The results of on-site examinations are often reported. Recent advances in the-state-of-the-art of soil-structure interaction contribute to accomplishing the safe, reliable, and affordable performance of concrete structures. This Special Publication (SP) encompasses nine papers selected from two technical sessions held in the ACI Fall convention at Denver, CO, in Nov. 2015. All manuscripts submitted are reviewed by at least two experts in accordance with the ACI publication policy. The Editors wish to thank all contributing authors and anonymous reviewers for their rigorous efforts. The Editors also gratefully acknowledge Ms. Barbara Coleman at ACI for her knowledgeable guidance.

Note: The individual papers are also available. Please click on the following link to view the papers available, or call 248.848.3800 to order. SP-316

In LNG plants and refineries, foundations for heavy rotating machines are required to be designed to limit the vibration induced by the unbalanced force and the moment of the machines to be within allowable amplitude for designated performance. When designing a pile-supported foundation for those dynamic machines, soil-pile spring constant to be used for dynamic analysis is calculated by conventional methods. However, there have been few studies of examining the accuracy of these methods and comparing them with the actual vibration data. The authors had an opportunity to carry out the vibration-proof design of reciprocating-type compressor foundation of which supporting PC piles were tested by rapid load test with a single mass model analysis. Moreover, vibration measurement was conducted at the Commissioning and multiple-point vibration data were obtained and studied by FFT analysis. Consequently, soil-pile spring constant was estimated from the rapid load test and the vibration analysis was conducted by 3D FEM software (STAAD. Pro)1. In particular, the vibration amplitude and the mode of various wave components calculated based on the rapid load test and conventional methods, and those measured by actual vibration, were compared. From this result, we confirmed the validity of the analysis method based on the rapid load test result, which can be proposed for dynamic machine foundation design.

The popular theories currently used to estimate earth pressure^1,2 were developed many years ago³. Although these theories are considered appropriate for many earth pressure problems, they may not be suitable to determine the earth pressures developed from or transferred through reinforced soil walls and abutments. Estimates for earth pressures, from reinforced soils, acting on structural facings are considered especially important. A new large scale testing apparatus is developed to study the behavior of reinforced fill walls and abutments, especially for the development and distribution of earth pressures. The concept, design, construction, preliminary testing, and future plans for this testing system are presented in this paper.

Increasingly contemporary bridge abutments are supported on mechanically stabilized backfill (MSB) or geotextile reinforced soil (GRS) mass to enhance smooth ridership when vehicles transitioned from embankment to bridge deck with facing concrete blocks, rigid concrete panels or steel sheet piles to retain backfill. The bridge dead load and live load flow from bridge deck and girders to abutment sill, MSB (or GRS) mass, geo-textile, earth retaining structures and subgrade underlying MSB through interface interaction. Evaluation of the MSB abutment performance requires clear understanding of load transfer through interface interaction among neighboring materials. The replacement of the I-70 Twin Bridge in Aurora, Colorado made possible the implementation of a comprehensive instrumentation program to monitor the performance of abutment. Clean crushed rocks with minus 2-inch (50-mm) grain size, angular grains and less than 10% fines were used as backfill. Instrument monitor results were used in the calibration of two selected computer codes. Finite element analysis results using both LS-DYNA and SSI2D were found to be in good agreement with the field instrument monitoring results. Earth pressures behind steel sheet pile façade, lateral deformation at top of sheet piles and geo-fabric tensile loads were found small at the time when this article was written; abutment settlements and lateral movement were less than one inch (25 mm).

Prediction of the seismic response of civil structures without considering the flexibility and damping provided by their supporting soil-foundation systems can be unrealistic, especially for stiff structures. In engineering practice, the substructure method is generally preferred for considering Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) due to its computationally efficiency. In this method, soil is modeled using discrete spring elements that are attached to the superstructure; and the Foundation Input Motions (FIMs)—which are usually calculated through analytical transfer functions from recorded/anticipated free-field motions—are applied at the ends of these springs. Whereas the application of the substructure method itself is simple, the determination of FIMs and the soil-foundation systems’ dynamic stiffnesses are challenging. In the present study, we propose two new approaches to identify the dynamic stiffness of soil-foundation systems from response signals recorded during earthquakes. In these approaches, the superstructure is represented either by a numerical (finite element) or by an analytical (Timoshenko beam) model, and the soil is represented by discrete frequency-dependent springs. In both approaches, the superstructure and soil-foundation stiffnesses are all identified through model updating. We present various forms for the second approach (involving the Timoshenko beam) and verify these through comparisons with the results from the first approach (involving the finite element model) obtained using earthquake data recorded at the Robert A. Millikan Library at the Caltech campus in Pasadena, CA.