Description
This guide presents simplified methods and design techniques that facilitate and speed the engineering of low-rise buildings within certain limitations. Material is presented in an order that follows typical design process with procedures introduced as the designer will need them in the course of a building design. Much of the information presented in this guide is derived from ACI 318, ASCE 7, and the 2015 International Building Code (IBC) (International Code Council 2015). The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by references to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications.
Whereas many of the tables, charts, and values included in this guide originated from the aforementioned reference documents, they have been modified or reorganized to be more conservative, to match design process flow, or better support the holistic and simplified design approach presented.
Although this guide is not written in mandatory language, the information is presented in such a manner that a structure designed following this guide will, in principle, comply with the codes and standards on which it was based. Although this guide is written in nonmandatory language, it is meant to be applied as a whole, because the simplified provisions are interdependent, and it would be unsafe to employ only a portion of this guide and disregard the remainder. This guide is not a code and is not deemed to satisfy ACI 318, ASCE 7, and the International Building Code (International Code Council 2015). This guide is expected to be especially useful in the education and training of engineers in reinforced concrete design of low-rise structures of small to medium floor areas.
There are many options within these standards that are not considered in this guide, such as the use of supplementary cementitious materials in concrete mixtures. As this guide will be used as a design aid, it is the licensed design professional’s responsibility to ensure that the structure design satisfies the requirements of ACI 318, ASCE 7, the International Building Code (International Code Council 2015), and the legal requirements of the local jurisdiction. The original draft of the guide, published as ACI IPS-1 (2002), was produced by a Joint Committee of Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación (Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and Certification) (ICONTEC) and Asociación Colombiana de Ingeniería Sísmica (Colombian Association for Earthquake Engineering) (AIS).
The initial drafting of ACI IPS-1 (2002) was motivated by frequent worldwide discussions that reinforced concrete codes might be unnecessarily sophisticated for some applications, such as small low-rise buildings. Current knowledge of reinforced concrete behavior obtained through experimentation and experience, and its status and dissemination as a structural material used worldwide, made developing a simplified design and construction guide feasible. This guide used ACI IPS-1 (2002) as a basis, with information derived from ACI 318, ASCE 7, and the International Building Code (International Code Council 2015).
This guide presents simplified approaches to assist engineers in designing low-rise buildings within certain limitations, in addition to the following:
(a) Information on the order needed in the course of a design
(b) Explanatory material at appropriate places
(c) Computations only requiring a hand calculator
(d) Graphs and graphical explanations
(e) Design information based on simplified strength models
(f) Other limit states accounted for by minimum dimensions
(g) Conservative loads and simplified analysis guidelines
(h) Simplified geotechnical information to help define soil-bearing capacity
(i) Shear walls as the seismic-force-resisting system
(j) Material and construction guidelines based on commonly available steel grades and medium-strength concrete that can be site mixed.
Keywords: concrete quality; foundation design; frame analysis; inspection; low-rise building construction; low-rise structure; mixing; placing; section analysis; seismic design; simplified design; specifications; structure design; structure layout.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL
1.1—Scope
1.2—Purpose
1.3—Limitations
1.4—Supporting codes and standards
1.5—Design and construction procedure
1.6—Limit states
1.7—Strength design
1.8—Serviceability design
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1—Notation
2.2—Definitions
CHAPTER 3—STRUCTURAL SYSTEM LAYOUT
3.1—Description of structural components
3.2—General
3.3—Structural layout
3.4—Feasibility of guide usage
CHAPTER 4—LOADS
4.1—General
4.2—Load factors and load combinations
4.3—Mass and weight
4.4—Weight of materials
4.5—Dead loads
4.6—Live loads
4.8—Rain load
4.9—Snow load
4.10—Wind loads
4.12—Soil weight and lateral pressure
4.13—Lateral loads
4.14—Lateral-force-resisting system
4.15—Minimum amount of reinforced concrete structural walls
CHAPTER 5—GENERAL REINFORCED CONCRETE INFORMATION
5.1—Scope
5.2—Materials for reinforced concrete
5.3—Minimum and maximum reinforcing bar diameter
5.5—Minimum reinforcement bend diameter
5.8—Development length, lap splicing, and anchorage of reinforcement
5.9—Longitudinal reinforcement
5.10—Transverse reinforcement
5.11—Flexure
5.12—Axial loads with or without flexure
5.13—Shear
5.14—Bearing
CHAPTER 6—FLOOR SYSTEMS
6.1—Types of floor systems
6.2—Selection of floor system
6.3—Structural integrity
6.4—One-way and two-way load paths
6.5—Minimum depth for floor system members
6.6—Trial dimensions for floor system
6.7—Floor finish
6.8—Ducts, shafts, openings, and embedded piping
CHAPTER 7—SOLID SLABS SUPPORTED ON GIRDERS, BEAMS, JOISTS, OR REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS
7.1—General
7.2—Loads
7.3—Reinforcement details
7.4—Shear strength
7.5—Slab between joists
7.6—Cantilevers of slabs supported on girders, beams, or walls
7.7—One-way, single-span solid slabs spanning between girders, beams, or reinforced concrete walls
7.8—One-way solid slabs supported on girders, beams, or walls with two or more spans
7.9—Two-way solid slabs spanning between girders, beams, or reinforced concrete walls
CHAPTER 8—GIRDERS, BEAMS, AND JOISTS
8.1—General
8.2—Loads
8.3—Reinforcement types
8.4—Longitudinal reinforcement
8.5—Transverse reinforcement
8.6—Joists and beams supported by girders
8.7—Girders that are part of a frame
CHAPTER 9—SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS
9.1—General
9.2—Loads
9.3—Dimensional limits
9.4—Reinforcement details
9.5—Shear strength
9.6—Minimum slab thickness as required by punching shear
9.7—Minimum slab thickness as required by beam action
9.8—Flexure
9.9—Calculation of support reactions
CHAPTER 10—COLUMNS
10.1—General
10.2—Loads
10.3—Dimensional limits
10.4—Reinforcement details
10.5—Flexure
10.6—Shear
10.7—Calculation of foundation reaction
CHAPTER 11—SEISMIC RESISTANCE
11.1—Special reinforcement details for seismic zones
11.2—Interaction with nonstructural elements
CHAPTER 12—REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS
12.1—General
12.2—Loads
12.3—Dimensional limits
12.4—Reinforcement details
12.5—Flexure
12.6—Shear
12.7—Calculation of reactions at the foundation
12.8—Core walls
CHAPTER 13—OTHER STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
13.1—Stairways and ramps
13.2—Small water tanks (for potable water storage)
CHAPTER 14—FOUNDATIONS
14.1—Soil investigation
14.2—Allowable soil-bearing capacity
14.3—Settlement criteria
14.4—Dimensioning foundation members
14.5—Spread footings
14.6—Wall footings
14.7—Combined footings
14.8—Piles and caissons
14.9—Footings on piles
14.10—Foundation mats
14.11—Retaining walls
14.12—Grade beams (foundation beams)
14.13—Slabs-on-ground
CHAPTER 15—DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
15.1—General
15.2—Structural drawings
15.3—Project specifications
CHAPTER 16—CONSTRUCTION
16.1—Introduction
16.2—Concrete mixture proportioning
16.4—Concrete mixing and transportation
16.5—Concrete strength evaluation
16.6—Concrete curing
16.7—Form removal
CHAPTER 17—REFERENCES
APPENDIX A—COMPARISON OF ACI 314R-16 TO ACI 318-14, INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (2015), AND ASCE 7-10