Title:
New Equations to Estimate Reinforced Concrete Wall Shear Strength Derived from Machine Learning and Statistical Methods
Author(s):
Matias Rojas-Leon, John W. Wallace, Saman A. Abdullah, and Kristijan Kolozvari
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
121
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
89-104
Keywords:
code equation; machine learning (ML); shear strength; shear wall; statistics; structural wall
DOI:
10.14359/51739187
Date:
1/1/2024
Abstract:
Wall shear-strength equations reported in the literature and used
in building codes are assessed using a comprehensive database
of reinforced concrete wall tests reported to have failed in shear.
Based on this assessment, it is concluded that mean values varied
significantly, and coefficients of variation were relatively large
(>0.28) and exceeded the target error for a code-oriented equation
defined in a companion paper (Rojas-León et al. 2024). Therefore,
a methodology employing statistical and machine-learning
approaches was used to develop a new equation with a format
similar to that currently used in ACI 318-19. The proposed equation
applies to walls with rectangular, barbell, and flanged cross
sections and includes additional parameters not considered in
ACI 318-19, such as axial stress and quantity of boundary longitudinal reinforcement. Parameter limits—for example, on wall shear and axial stress—and an assessment of the relative contributions to shear strength are also addressed.
Related References:
Abdullah, S. A., 2019, “Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls: Test Database and Modeling Parameters,” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 304 pp.
Abdullah, S. A., and Wallace, J. W., 2021, “New Nonlinear Modeling Parameters and Acceptance Criteria for RC Structural Walls,” Proceedings, The 2021 Annual Conference of Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council Conference, Nov. 12, Los Angeles, CA, pp. 72-85.
ACI Committee 318, 2011, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary (ACI 318R-11),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 503 pp.
ACI Committee 318, 2014, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 520 pp.
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
AIJ, 1999, “Structural Design Guidelines for Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” Architectural Institute of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
Amazon Web Services, Inc., 2016, “Amazon Machine Learning
Developer Guide,” AWS, Seattle, WA.
ASCE/SEI 7-16, 2017, “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
ASCE/SEI 43-05, 2005, “Seismic Design Criteria for Structures, Systems, and Components in Nuclear Facilities,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
Bae, Y.; Tanizawa, K.; Yun, K.; and Kabeyasawa, S., 2010, “Experimental Study on Structural Characteristics of Columns with Sleeve Walls,” Proceedings of the Japan Concrete Institute, V. 32, No. 2, pp. 115-120. (in Japanese)
Barda, F.; Hanson, J. M.; and Corley, W. G., 1977, “Shear Strength of Low-Rise Walls with Boundary Elements,” Reinforced Concrete Structures in Seismic Zones, SP-53, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 149-202.
Carrillo, J., and Alcocer, S. M., 2013, “Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Walls for Seismic Design of Low-Rise Housing,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June, pp. 415-426.
Chen, X. L.; Fu, J. P.; Yao, J. L.; and Gan, J. F., 2018, “Prediction of Shear Strength for Squat RC Walls Using a Hybrid ANN–PSO Model,” Engineering with Computers, V. 34, No. 2, Apr., pp. 367-383.
Feng, D.-C.; Wang, W.-J.; Mangalathu, S.; and Taciroglu, E., 2021, “Interpretable XGBoost-SHAP Machine-Learning Model for Shear Strength Prediction of Squat RC Walls,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 147, No. 11, Nov., p. 04021173.
Gulec, C. K., and Whittaker, A. S., 2011, “Empirical Equations for Peak Shear Strength of Low Aspect Ratio Reinforced Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 80-89.
Gulec, C. K.; Whittaker, A. S.; and Stojadinovic, B., 2009, “Peak Shear Strength of Squat Reinforced Concrete Walls with Boundary Barbells or Flanges,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 3, May-June, pp. 368-377.
Joint ASCE‐ACI Task Committee 426, 1973, “The Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members,” Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 99, No. 6, June, pp. 1091-1187.
Kabeyasawa, T.; Ohkubo, T.; and Nakamura, Y., 1996, “Tests and Analyses of Hybrid Wall Systems,” Proceedings, Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (11WCEE), Acapulco, Mexico, Paper No. 470, 8 pp.
Kassem, W., 2015, “Shear Strength of Squat Walls: A Strut-and-Tie Model and Closed-Form Design Formula,” Engineering Structures, V. 84, Feb., pp. 430-438. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.11.027
Keshtegar, B.; Nehdi, M. L.; Trung, N.-T.; and Kolahchi, R., 2021, “Predicting Load Capacity of Shear Walls Using SVR–RSM Model,” Applied Soft Computing, V. 112, Nov., Article No. 107739.
Kim, J.-H., and Park, H.-G., 2020, “Shear and Shear-Friction Strengths of Squat Walls with Flanges,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 6, Nov., pp. 269-280. doi: 10.14359/51728075
Moradi, M. J., and Hariri-Ardebili, M. A., 2019, “Developing a Library of Shear Walls Database and the Neural Network Based Predictive Meta-Model,” Applied Sciences, V. 9, No. 12, June, Article No. 2562.
Murtaugh, P. A., 2014, “In Defense of P Values,” Ecology, V. 95, No. 3, Mar., pp. 611-617. doi: 10.1890/13-0590.1
NZS 3101.1&2:2006, 2006, “Concrete Structures Standard,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
Rojas-León, M., 2022, “Framework to Define Performance Requirements for Structural Component Models and Application to Reinforced Concrete Wall Shear Strength,” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 260 pp.
Rojas-León, M.; Abdullah, S. A.; Kolozvari, K.; and Wallace, J. W., 2024, “A Framework to Set Performance Requirements for Structural Component Models: Application to Reinforced Concrete Wall Shear Strength,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 121, No. 1, Jan., pp. 75-88.
Sánchez-Alejandre, A., and Alcocer, S. M., 2010, “Shear Strength of Squat Reinforced Concrete Walls Subjected to Earthquake Loading – Trends and Models,” Engineering Structures, V. 32, No. 8, Aug., pp. 2466-2476. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.022
Segura, C. L. Jr., and Wallace, J. W., 2018, “Seismic Performance Limitations and Detailing of Slender Reinforced Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 3, May, pp. 849-859.
Wood, S. L., 1990, “Shear Strength of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 99-107.