Title:
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars under Sustained Load and Alkaline Conditions
Author(s):
Callum Harper and Shamim A. Sheikh
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
121
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
3-18
Keywords:
alkalinity; creep-rupture; durability; elevated temperature; glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars; stress limits; sustainability; sustained load
DOI:
10.14359/51740708
Date:
7/1/2024
Abstract:
This paper presents the results of creep rupture tests conducted ontwo different sizes of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars from two different manufacturers under high alkaline conditions at room temperature (approximately 23 and 60°C [73.4 and 140°F]).Regular tensile tests were also conducted on the bars at the two temperatures to provide insight into the effects of high temperatureon their long-term performance. The results show that the larger bar performed slightly better at room temperature but significantly better at the elevated temperature. The larger-sized bars also lost less tensile strength at the elevated temperature. It was observed that temperature had a greater effect on the long-term performance of GFRP bars than alkalinity. The current design code limits on the allowable stresses were evaluated against the test results and found to be overly conservative.
Related References:
1. Al-Salloum, Y. A.; El-Gamal, S.; Almusallam, T. H.; Alsayed, S. H.; and Aqel, M., “Effect of Harsh Environmental Conditions on the Tensile Properties of GFRP Bars,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 45, No. 1, 2013, pp. 835-844. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.004
2. Laoubi, K.; El-Salakawy, E.; and Benmokrane, B., “Creep and Durability of Sand-Coated Glass FRP Bars in Concrete Elements under Freeze/Thaw Cycling and Sustained Loads,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 28, No. 10, 2006, pp. 869-878. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.07.014
3. Kosmatka, S. H.; Kerkhoff, B.; Hooton, R. D.; and McGrath, R. J., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2011.
4. Chen, Y.; Davalos, J. F.; Ray, I.; and Kim, H.-Y., “Accelerated Aging Tests for Evaluations of Durability Performance of FRP Reinforcing Bars for Concrete,” Composite Structures, V. 78, No. 1, 2007, pp. 101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.08.015
5. Robert, M.; Cousin, P.; and Benmokrane, B., “Durability of GFRP Reinforcing Bars Embedded in Moist Concrete,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 13, No. 2, 2009, pp. 66-73. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2009)13:2(66)
6. Nkurunziza, G.; Benmokrane, B.; Debaiky, A. S.; and Masmoudi, R., “Effect of Sustained Load and Environment on Long-Term Tensile Properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 102, No. 4, July-Aug. 2005, pp. 615-621.
7. Benmokrane, B.; Wang, P.; Ton-That, T. M.; Rahman, H.; and Robert, J.-F., “Durability of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Environments,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 6, No. 3, 2002, pp. 143-153. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:3(143)
8. Homam, S. M., and Sheikh, S. A., “Resilience and Sustainability of FRP-Retrofitted Concrete Structures,” International Journal of Sustainable Materials and Structural Systems, Special Volume, V. 5, No. 1-2, pp. 35-49. doi: 10.1504/IJSMSS.2021.115785
9. Kim, H.-Y.; Park, Y.-H.; You, Y.-J.; and Moon, C.-K., “Short-Term Durability Test for GFRP Rods under Various Environmental Conditions,” Composite Structures, V. 83, No. 1, 2008, pp. 37-47. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.03.005
10. Chen, Y.; Davalos, J. F.; and Ray, I., “Durability Prediction for GFRP Bars Using Short-Term Data of Accelerated Aging Tests,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 10, No. 4, 2006, pp. 279-286. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:4(279)
11. Kashwani, G. A., and Al-Tamimi, A. K., “Evaluation of FRP Bars Performance under High Temperature,” Physics Procedia, V. 55, 2014, pp. 296-300. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2014.07.043
12. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, 88 pp.
13. Robert, M., and Benmokrane, B., “Behaviour of GFRP Reinforcing Bars Subjected to Extreme Temperatures,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 14, No. 4, 2010, pp. 353-360. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000092
14. Hajiloo, H.; Green, M. F.; and Gales, J., “Mechanical Properties of GFRP Reinforcing Bars at High Temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 162, Feb. 2018, pp. 142-154. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.025
15. Wang, Y. C.; Wong, P. M. H.; and Kodur, V., “An Experimental Study of the Mechanical Properties of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Steel Reinforcing Bars at Elevated Temperatures,” Composite Structures, V. 80, No. 1, 2007, pp. 131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.04.069
16. Zaviehgrad, S. H., “Tensile and Bond Behaviour of GFRP Bars under Various Load and Temperature Conditions,” MASc thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 2016.
17. Benmokrane, B.; Brown, V. L.; Mohamed, K.; Nanni, A.; Rossini, M.; and Shield, C., “Creep-Rupture Limit for GFRP Bars Subjected to Sustained Loads,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 23, No. 6, 2019. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000971
18. Jerimic, N., “Short-Term and Long-Term Performance of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers,” MASc thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 2018.
19. Johal, K., “Investigation of Creep Rupture Phenomenon in Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Sturrups,” MASc thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, June 2016.
20. Keller, M. L.; Kopietz, M.; Pahn, M.; and Wetzel, B., “Long-Term-
Performance of Loaded GFRP Bars in Alkaline Environment,” Advanced Composites in Construction Conference, Sheffield, UK, Sept. 2017, pp. 97-102.
21. Sayed-Ahmed, M. S.; Benmokrane, B.; Mohamed, K.; Hajimiragha, B.; and Hajimiragha, B., “Creep Rupture and Creep Behaviour of Newly Third Generation GFRP Bars Subjected to Sustain Loads,” CDCC 2017 Fifth International Conference on Durability of FRP Composites, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, July 2017.
22. Fiberline, “ComBAR by Fiberline Technical Information,” 2017.
23. Pultrall, “V-Rod Canada - 60GPA Grade III—Specification Report,” 2017.
24. ASTM D2584-18, “Standard Test Method for the Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
25. ASTM D7205-06, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006.
26. CSA S807-19, “Specification for Fibre-Reinforced Polymers,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2019.
27. Jahanzaib; Kharal, Z.; and Sheikh, S. A., “Behavior of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar Coupons under Sustained Load and High Temperatures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 118, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2021, pp. 139-154. doi: 10.14359/51728188
28. CSA S806-12, “Design and Construction of Building Structures with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2012.