Title:
Durability of Shotcrete
Author(s):
Ernest K. Schrader and Richard A. Kaden
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
100
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
1071-1102
Keywords:
admixtures; air entrainment; concrete durability; shotcrete; freeze-thaw durability; latex (plastic); permeability; placing; General
DOI:
10.14359/3744
Date:
4/1/1987
Abstract:
The normally high cement factors, low water-cement ratio, and good compaction of shotcrete typically produce strong, dense, and well-bonded materials when properly applied by either the wet- or dry-mix process. However, the dry-mix process is incapable of reliably, predictably, and routinely providing an adequately air-entrained hardened material that will withstand freeze-thaw cycles under conditions of saturation. Wet-mix process also has had its problems associated with conveying/pumping. Latex modifiers can be added to shotcrete that will produce a freeze-thaw durable material. The modifiers should not be used directly as a bonding agent. Very good bond can be achieved between shotcrete layers and to a concrete substrate by unmodified shotcrete placed against a surface that is near or somewhat below a saturated surface dry condition. Durability is directly related to permeability of shotcretes.