Title:
A Statistical Approach to Modeling the Reduced Flexural Capacity of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams
Author(s):
Mahmoodreza Soltani, Ali AlilooeeDolatabad, Eugenia Akurang, and Adham Abu-Abaileh
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
175-182
Keywords:
database analysis; multiple linear regression analysis; reinforcement mass loss ratio; sensitivity analysis
DOI:
10.14359/51732652
Date:
7/1/2021
Abstract:
The ASCE 2017 Report Card reported the national grade for U.S. infrastructure as a D+ in the overall category, a D+ for the School Buildings category, and a C+ for the Bridges category. Steel corrosion is one of the main reasons for the trend of deterioration in U.S. infrastructure. Reinforced concrete (RC) is used as the primary construction material worldwide. Objectives for this study were to determine the design parameters that have the most significant impact on the reduced flexural strength of RC beams in the presence of corrosion and to create a model to estimate the reduced flexural strength through refining the ACI 318-19 flexural design model. Using an experimental database of 410 tests, a linear model was created to estimate the reduced flexural strength and to perform a sensitivity analysis of the parameters affecting the residual flexural strength. The sensitivity analysis showed that the effective depth of reinforcement (d) and the tensile longitudinal reinforcement force (Asefy) are the most influential parameters affecting the reduced flexural strength. A multiple linear regression analysis was also performed to propose a new model by incorporating the two most significant parameters that inversely affect the reduced flexural strength of corrosion-damaged RC beams.
Related References:
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ACI Committee 437, 2019, “Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Buildings (ACI 437R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 28 pp.
ACI Committee 562, 2019, “Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 562-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 94 pp.
Aïtcin, P. C., 2000, “Cements of Yesterday and Today: Concrete of Tomorrow,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 9, pp. 1349-1359. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00365-3
Al-Sulaimani, G. J.; Kaleemullah, M.; Basunbul, I. A.; and Rasheeduzzafar, 1990, “Influence of Corrosion and Cracking on Bond Behavior and Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 220-231. doi: 10.14359/2732
Almusallam, A. A.; Al-Gahtani, A. S.; Aziz, A. R.; Dakhil, F. H.; and Rasheeduzzafar, 1996, “Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion on Flexural Behavior of Concrete Slabs,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 8, No. 3, pp. 123-127. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:3(123)
ASCE, 2021, “American Infrastructure Report Card: GPA: C-,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, https://infrastructurereportcard.org/. (last accessed June 2, 2021)
Azad, A. K.; Ahmad, S.; and Azher, S. A., 2007, “Residual Strength of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 104, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 40-47.
Azad, K.; Ahmad, S.; and Al-Gohi, B. H. A., 2010, “Flexural Strength of Corroded Reinforced,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 62, No. 6, pp. 405-414. doi: 10.1680/macr.2010.62.6.405
Cairns, J.; Du, Y.; and Law, D., 2008, “Structural Performance of Corrosion-Damaged Concrete Beams,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 60, No. 5, pp. 359-370. doi: 10.1680/macr.2007.00102
Castel, A.; François, R.; and Arliguie, G., 2000, “Mechanical Behaviour of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams—Part 1: Experimental Study of Corroded Beams,” Materials and Structures, V. 33, No. 9, pp. 539-544. doi: 10.1007/BF02480533
Dong, W.; Ye, J.; Murakami, Y.; Oshita, H.; Suzuki, S.; and Tsutsumi, T., 2016, “Residual Load Capacity of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beam Undergoing Bond Failure,” Engineering Structures, V. 127, pp. 159-171. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.08.044
El Maaddawy, T.; Soudki, K.; and Topper, T., 2005, “Long-Term Performance of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 102, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 649-656.
FHWA, 2011, “Bridge Preservation Guide.,” Report No. FHWA-HIF-11042. Federal Highway Administration Washington, DC.
Glanz, J.; Pianigiani, G.; White, J.; and Patanjali, K., 2018, “Genoa Bridge Collapse: The Road To Tragedy,” The New York Times, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/09/06/world/europe/genoa-italy-bridge.html. (last accessed June 14, 2021)
Jüngling, H. J., 2019, “Effective Help with Corrosion Protection,” IST International Surface Technology, V. 12, No. 4, pp. 40-41.
Kearsley, E. P., and Joyce, A., 2014, “Effect of Corrosion Products on Bond Strength and Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Slabs,” Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, V. 56, No. 2, pp. 21-29.
Mangat, P. S., and Elgarf, M. S., 1999, “Flexural Strength of Concrete Beams with Corroding Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 149-158.
McLeish, A., 1987, “Structural Assessment, Manual for Life Cycle Aspects of Concrete in Buildings and Structures,” Taywood Engineering Limited, V. 4, pp. 1-B4.
Morgese, M.; Ansari, F.; Domaneschi, M.; and Cimellaro, G. P., 2020, “Post-Collapse Analysis of Morandi’s Polcevera Viaduct in Genoa Italy,” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring, V. 10, No. 1, pp. 69-85. doi: 10.1007/s13349-019-00370-7
Oyado, M.; Kanakubo, T.; Sato, T.; and Yamamoto, Y., 2011, “Bending Performance of Reinforced Concrete Member Deteriorated by Corrosion,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, V. 7, No. 1-2, pp. 121-130. doi: 10.1080/15732471003588510
Pedregosa, F.; Varoquaux, G.; Gramfort, A.; Michel, V.; Thirion, B.; Grisel, O.; Blondel, M.; Prettenhofer, P.; Weiss, R.; Dubourg, V.; and Vanderplas, J., 2011, “Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python,” Journal of Machine Learning Research, V. 12, pp. 2825-2830.
Rodriguez, J.; Ortega, L. M.; and Casal, J., 1994. “Corrosion of Reinforcing Bars and Service Life of Reinforced Concrete Structures: Corrosion and Bond Deterioration,” International Conference on Concrete Across Borders, Odense, Denmark, pp. 315-326.
Rodriguez, J.; Ortega, L. M.; and Casal, J., 1997, “Load Carrying Capacity of Concrete Structures with Corroded Reinforcement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 11, No. 4, pp. 239-248. doi: 10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00043-3
Schmitt, G., 2009. “Global Needs for Knowledge Dissemination, Research, and Development in Materials Deterioration and Corrosion Control,” World Corrosion Organization, New York, NY, 48 pp.
Shayanfar, M. A.; Ghalehnovi, M.; and Safiey, A., 2007, “Corrosion Effects on Tension Stiffening Behavior of Reinforced Concrete,” Computers and Concrete, V. 4, No. 5, p. 4. doi: 10.12989/cac.2007.4.5.403
Soltani, M.; Ross, B. E.; and Khademi, A., 2018, “A Statistical Approach to Refine Design Codes for Interface Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 1341-1352. doi: 10.14359/51702239
Soltani, M.; Safiey, A.; and Brennan, A., 2019, “A State-of-the-Art Review of Bending and Shear Behaviors of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, No. 3, May, pp. 53-64. doi: 10.14359/51706919
Tahershamsi, M.; Hanjari, K. Z.; Lundgren, K.; and Plos, M., 2014, “Anchorage of Naturally Corroded Bars in Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 66, No. 14, pp. 729-744. doi: 10.1680/macr.13.00276
Torres-Acosta, A. A.; Fabela-Gallegos, M. J.; Munoz-Noval, A.; Vázquez-Vega, D.; Hernandez-Jimenez, J. R.; and Martinez-Madrid, M., 2004, “Influence of Corrosion on the Structural Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Corrosion, V. 60, No. 9, pp. 862-872. doi: 10.5006/1.3287868
Torres-Acosta, A. A.; Navarro-Gutierrez, S.; and Terán-Guillén, J., 2007, “Residual Flexure Capacity of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 29, No. 6, pp. 1145-1152. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.018
Vu, H. H.; Vu, N. A.; and François, R., 2014, “Effect of Corrosion of Tensile Rebars and Stirrups on the Flexural Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Members,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, V. 18, No. 3, pp. 358-376.
Wang, L.; Li, C.; and Yi, J., 2015, “An Experiment Study on Behavior of Corrosion RC Beams with Different Concrete Strength,” Journal of Coastal Research, V. 73, pp. 259-264. doi: 10.2112/SI73-046.1
Xia, J.; Jin, W.-L.; and Li, L.-Y., 2012, “Effect of Chloride-Induced Reinforcing Steel Corrosion on the Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 64, No. 6, pp. 471-485. doi: 10.1680/macr.10.00169
Yu, L.; François, R.; Dang, V. H.; L’Hostis, V.; and Gagné, R., 2015, “Development of Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Pre-Cracked RC Beams under Sustained Loading: Effect of Load-Induced Cracks, Concrete Cover, and Exposure Conditions,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 67, pp. 246-258. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.10.007
Zhu, W.; François, R.; Cleland, D.; and Coronelli, D., 2015, “Failure Mode Transitions of Corroded Deep Beams Exposed to Marine Environment for Long Period,” Engineering Structures, V. 96, pp. 66-77. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.004
Zhu, W.; François, R.; Coronelli, D.; and Cleland, D., 2013, “Effect of Corrosion of Reinforcement on the Mechanical Behaviour of Highly Corroded RC Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 56, pp. 544-554. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.04.017
Zhu, W.; François, R.; Fang, Q.; and Zhang, D., 2016, “Influence of Long-Term Chloride Diffusion in Concrete and the Resulting Corrosion of Reinforcement on the Serviceability of RC Beams,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 71, pp. 144-152. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.003