Title:
Corrosion Behavior of Steel in Mortar Containing Ferronickel Slag
Author(s):
Hansol Kim, Hee Jun Yang, Jiseok Kim, Won Jung Cho, Woongik Hwang, and Ki Yong Ann
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
19-28
Keywords:
carbonation; chloride; corrosion; ferronickel slag; pH
DOI:
10.14359/51734351
Date:
3/1/2022
Abstract:
Ferronickel slag (FNS) has been currently developed for supplementary cementitious material in concrete mixtures. The present study concerns the corrosion resistance of FNS-mixed mortar against a chloride and carbonation environment. The replacement ratio of FNS was 10, 30, and 50% to total binder with ordinary portland cement (OPC). The corrosion resistance was evaluated by monitoring of corrosion potential and current density, followed by mass loss of steel reinforcing bar after the monitoring. As a result, it was found that FNS-mixed mortar had a higher corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density at 10 and 30% FNS replacement, presumably due to increased chloride binding capacity and denser pore structure. At a carbonation-accelerated condition, FNS-mixed mortar always had lower pH values at every depth, compared to OPC ones, imposing a higher risk of carbonation. The acid neutralization capacity of FNS has mostly equated buffering capacities at different pH ranges.
Related References:
1. Saha, A. K., and Sarker, P. K., “Expansion Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction of Ferronickel Slag Fine Aggregate in OPC and Blended Cement Mortars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 123, 2016, pp. 135-142. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.144
2. Choi, Y. C., and Choi, S., “Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Cementitious Materials Using Ferro-Nickel Slag Fine Aggregates Produced in Different Cooling Conditions,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 99, 2015, pp. 279-287. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.039
3. Huang, Y.; Wang, Q.; and Shi, M., “Characteristics and Reactivity of Ferronickel Slag Powder,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 156, 2017, pp. 773-789. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.038
4. Kim, J. M.; Ann, K. Y.; Cho, W. J.; Kim, H.; and Kim, J. S., “A Study for Standardization/Specification of Ferronikel Slag Powder for Utilizing as a Cementitious Materials,” Technical Report, SNNC, 2020.
5. Kim, H.; Lee, C. H.; and Ann, K. Y., “Feasibility of Ferronickel Slag Powder for Cementitious Binder in Concrete Mix,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 207, 2019, pp. 693-705. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.166
6. Chen, Y.; Ji, T.; Yang, Z.; Zhan, W.; and Zhang, Y., “Sustainable Use of Ferronickel Slag in Cementitious Composites and the Effect on Chloride Penetration Resistance,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 240, 2020, p. 117969. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117969
7. Broomfield, J. P., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and Repair, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003.
8. Fagerlund, G., “Determination of Specific Surface by the BET Method,” Materiales de Construcción, V. 6, No. 3, 1973, pp. 239-245. doi: 10.1007/BF02479039
9. Hay, R., and Ostertag, C. P., “Acidification at the Rebar-Concrete Interface Induced by an Accelerated Corrosion Test in an Aggressive Chloride Environment,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 110, 2020, p. 103573. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103573
10. Andrade, C., and González, J. A., “Quantitative Measurements of Corrosion Rate of Reinforcing Steels Embedded in Concrete Using Polarization Resistance Measurements,” Materials and Corrosion, V. 29, No. 8, 1978, pp. 515-519. doi: 10.1002/maco.19780290804
11. ASTM G1-03, “Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017. doi: 10.1520/G0001-03R17E01
12. Song, H. W.; Jung, M. S.; Lee, C. H.; Kim, S. H.; and Ann, K. Y., “Influence of Chemistry of Chloride Ions in Cement Matrix on Corrosion of Steel,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 107, No. 4, July-Aug. 2010, pp. 332-339.
13. Andrade, C.; Alonso, C.; Gulikers, J.; Polder, R.; Cigna, R.; Vennesland, Ø.; Salta, M.; Raharinaivo, A.; and Elsener, B., “Recommendation of RILEM TC 154-EMC: Test Methods for On-Site Corrosion Rate Measurement of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete by Means of the Polarization Resistance Method,” Materials and Structures, V. 37, No. 9, 2004, pp. 623-643. doi: 10.1007/BF02483292
14. Feng, W.; Tarakbay, A.; Memon, S. A.; Tang, W.; and Cui, H., “Methods of Accelerating Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Steel-Reinforced Concrete: A Comparative Review,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 289, 2021, p. 123165. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123165
15. Broomfield, J. P., “Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, Chapter 49, 2011, pp. 633-647. doi: 10.1002/9780470872864.ch49
16. Yang, T.; Yao, X.; and Zhang, Z., “Geopolymer Prepared with High-Magnesium Nickel Slag: Characterization of Properties and Microstructure,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 59, 2014, pp. 188-194. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.038
17. Rahman, M. A.; Sarker, P. K.; Shaikh, F. U. A.; and Saha, A. K., “Soundness and Compressive Strength of Portland Cement Blended with Ground Granulated Ferronickel Slag,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 140, 2017, pp. 194-202. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.023
18. Birnin-Yauri, U. A., and Glasser, F. P., “Friedel’s salt, Ca2Al(OH)6 (Cl,OH)·2H2O: Its Solid Solutions and Their Role in Chloride Binding,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 28, No. 12, 1998, pp. 1713-1723. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00162-8
19. Pourbaix, M., Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, TX, 1974.
20. Dourdounis, E.; Stivanakis, V.; Angelopoulos, G. N.; Chaniotakis, E.; Frogoudakis, E.; Papanastasiou, D.; and Papamantellos, D. C., “High-Alumina Cement Production from FeNi-ERF Slag, Limestone and Diasporic Bauxite,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 34, No. 6, 2004, pp. 941-947. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.004
21. Yang, Z.; Fischer, H.; and Polder, R., “Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Two Types of Modified Hydrotalcites on Chloride Ingress Into Cement Mortar,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 58, 2005, pp. 105-113. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.12.016
22. Ke, X.; Bernal, S. A.; and Provis, J. L., “Uptake of Chloride and Carbonate by Mg-Al and Ca-Al Layered Double Hydroxides in Simulated Pore Solutions of Alkali-Activated Slag Cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 100, 2017, pp. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.05.015
23. ACI Committee 365, “Report on Service Life Prediction (ACI 365.1-17),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2017, 56 pp.
24. Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “Corrosion Inhibition in Concrete Arising from Its Acid Neutralisation Capacity,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1598. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00008-