Title:
Behavior of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Slabs Exposed to Fire (Open Source)
Author(s):
Siyoung Park and Thomas H.-K. Kang
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
120
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
217-229
Keywords:
cover thickness; fire-resistance performance; tendon configuration; unbonded post-tensioned (PT) slab
DOI:
10.14359/51738512
Date:
5/1/2023
Abstract:
With the development and commercialization of post-tensioned (PT) concrete structures, concerns pertaining to structural safety for disasters and diverse conditions, such as fire and high temperatures, have emerged. To better understand fire-resistance performance, effects associated with cover thickness and tendon configurations for six unbonded PT concrete slabs were evaluated in regardto temperature changes, deflection, tendon tensile forces, and fire endurance/time. In addition, the factors and relationship between the extent of damage caused by concrete cracking/delamination and tendon force at post-tensioning were evaluated. Thermal resistance and deflection rates for materials such as galvanized steel duct or high-density polyethylene (HDPE) sheathing were also examined. It is the authors’ hope that the aforementioned informationidentifying parameters affecting fire-resistance performanceof PT slabs may be helpful to the practitioner when consideringtendon configurations for unbonded PT concrete structures.
Related References:
1. PTI TAB.1-06, “Post-Tensioning Manual,” sixth edition, Post-Tensioning Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, 254 pp.
2. Naaman, A. E., Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design: Fundamentals, second edition, Techno Press 3000, Ann Arbor, MI, 2004.
3. Shin, H.; Kang, T. H.-K.; and Park, J.-H., “Grouted Extruded-Strand Tendons: Friction Coefficients and Differential Individual Strand Forces,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 3, May 2020, pp. 223-233.
4. VSL, “VSL Strand Post-Tensioning Systems,” VSL International Ltd., Köniz, Switzerland, 2015, 41 pp.
5. Park, S., “Fire Behavior of Post-Tensioned Concrete One-Way Members with Different Tendon Configuration,” MS thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, 2022.
6. NEA/CSNI/R(2015)5, “Bonded or Unbonded Technologies for Nuclear Reactor Prestressed Concrete Containments,” Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France, 2015, 227 pp.
7. Aslani, F., and Bastami, M., “Constitutive Relationships for Normal- and High-Strength Concrete at Elevated Temperatures,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 108, No. 4, July-Aug. 2011, pp. 355-364.
8. Chang, Y. F.; Chen, Y. H.; Sheu, M. S.; and Yao, G. C., “Residual Stress–Strain Relationship for Concrete after Exposure to High Temperatures,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 10, Oct. 2006, pp. 1999-2005. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.029
9. Kodur, V. K. R.; Wang, T. C.; and Cheng, F. P., “Predicting the Fire Resistance Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Columns,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 26, No. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 141-153. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(03)00089-1
10. Du, Y.; Peng, J.-Z.; Liew, J. Y. R.; and Li, G.-Q., “Mechanical Properties of High Tensile Steel Cables at Elevated Temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 182, Sept. 2018, pp. 52-65. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.012
11. Kodur, V.; Dwaikat, M.; and Fike, R., “High-Temperature Properties of Steel for Fire Resistance Modeling of Structures,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 22, No. 5, May 2010, pp. 423-434. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000041
12. ASCE Committee on Fire Protection, “Structural Fire Protection,” T. T. Lie, ed., ASCE Manual of Practice No. 78, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 1992.
13. BS EN 1992-1-2:2004, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures – Part 1-2: General Rules – Structural Fire Design,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2004, 99 pp.
14. BS EN 1993-1-2:2005, “Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures – Part 1-2: General Rules – Structural Fire Design,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2005, 81 pp.
15. Zheng, W. Z.; Hou, X. M.; Shi, D. S.; and Xu, M. X., “Experimental Study on Concrete Spalling in Prestressed Slabs Subjected to Fire,” Fire Safety Journal, V. 45, No. 5, Aug. 2010, pp. 283-297. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.06.001
16. Dwaikat, M. B., and Kodur, V. K. R., “Fire Induced Spalling in High Strength Concrete Beams,” Fire Technology, V. 46, No. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 251-274. doi: 10.1007/s10694-009-0088-6
17. Kodur, V. K. R., “Spalling in High Strength Concrete Exposed to Fire: Concerns, Causes, Critical Parameters and Cures,” Advanced Technology in Structural Engineering: Proceedings of Structures Congress 2000, M. Elgaaly, ed., Philadelphia, PA, 2000, pp. 1-9.
18. Sharma, U.; Zaidi, K.; and Bhandari, N., “Residual Compressive Stress-Strain Relationship for Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperatures,” Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, V. 3, No. 4, 2012, pp. 327-350. doi: 10.1260/2040-2317.3.4.327
19. Joint ACI-TMS Committee 216, “Code Requirements for Determining Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies (ACI/TMS 216.1-14) (Reapproved 2019),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 28 pp.
20. ICC, “2018 International Building Code (IBC),” International Code Council, Washington, DC, 2017.
21. Purkiss, J. A., and Li, L.-Y., Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures, third edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014, 454 pp.
22. Bailey, C. G., and Ellobody, E., “Fire Tests on Bonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Slabs,” Engineering Structures, V. 31, No. 3, Mar. 2009, pp. 686-696. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.11.009
23. Bailey, C. G., and Ellobody, E., “Fire Tests on Unbonded Post-Tensioned One-Way Concrete Slabs,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 61, No. 1, Feb. 2009, pp. 67-76. doi: 10.1680/macr.2008.00005
24. Gales, J.; Bisby, L.; and Gillie, M., “Unbonded Post Tensioned Concrete Slabs in Fire – Part 1 – Experimental Response of Unbonded Tendons under Transient Localized Heating,” Journal of Structural Fire Engineering, V. 2, No. 3, 2011, pp. 139-154. doi: 10.1260/2040-2317.2.3.139
25. MacLean, K. J. N., “Post-Fire Assessment of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Slabs: Strand Deterioration and Prestress Loss,” MSc thesis, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, 2007, 200 pp.
26. Hou, X.; Zheng, W.; and Kodur, V. K. R., “Response of Unbonded Prestressed Concrete Continuous Slabs under Fire Exposure,” Engineering Structures, V. 56, Nov. 2013, pp. 2139-2148. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.08.035
27. Wosatko, A.; Pamin, J.; and Polak, M. A., “Application of Damage–Plasticity Models in Finite Element Analysis of Punching Shear,” Computers & Structures, V. 151, Apr. 2015, pp. 73-85. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2015.01.008
28. Genikomsou, A. S., and Polak, M. A., “Finite Element Analysis of Punching Shear of Concrete Slabs Using Damaged Plasticity Model in ABAQUS,” Engineering Structures, V. 98, Sept. 2015, pp. 38-48. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.04.016
29. Al Hamd, R. K. S.; Gillie, M.; Warren, H.; Torelli, G.; Stratford, T.; and Wang, Y., “The Effect of Load-Induced Thermal Strain on Flat Slab Behaviour at Elevated Temperatures,” Fire Safety Journal, V. 97, Apr. 2018, pp. 12-18. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.02.004
30. Kodur, V. K. R., and Bhatt, P. P., “A Numerical Approach for Modeling Response of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Strengthened Concrete Slabs Exposed to Fire,” Composite Structures, V. 187, 2018, pp. 226-240. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.051
31. Karaki, G.; Hawileh, R. A.; and Kodur, V. K. R., “Probabilistic-Based Approach for Evaluating the Thermal Response of Concrete Slabs under Fire Loading,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 147, No. 7, July 2021, p. 04021084. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003039
32. New Zealand Government, “Building Amendment Regulation 2012 – Schedule 1: The Building Code,” Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Wellington, New Zealand, 2012.
33. Yang, J. C.; Bundy, M.; Gross, J.; Hamins, A.; Sadek, F.; and Raghunathan, A., “International R&D Roadmap for Fire Resistance of Structures: Summary of NIST/CIB Workshop,” NIST Special Publication 1188, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2015, 138 pp.
34. ASCE/SEI, “Performance-Based Structural Fire Design: Exemplar Designs of Four Regionally Diverse Buildings using ASCE 7-16, Appendix E,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2020.
35. Dai, X.; Welch, S.; and Usmani, A., “A Critical Review of ‘Travelling Fire’ Scenarios for Performance-Based Structural Engineering,” Fire Safety Journal, V. 91, July 2017, pp. 568-578. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.001
36. Stern-Gottfried, J., and Rein, G., “Travelling Fires for Structural Design-Part II: Design Methodology,” Fire Safety Journal, V. 54, Nov. 2012, pp. 96-112. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.011
37. Jeanneret, C.; Gales, J.; Kotsovinos, P.; and Rein, G., “Acceptance Criteria for Unbonded Post-Tensioned Concrete Exposed to Travelling and Traditional Design Fires,” Fire Technology, V. 56, No. 3, May 2020, pp. 1229-1252. doi: 10.1007/s10694-019-00927-4
38. Rackauskaite, E.; Hamel, C.; Law, A.; and Rein, G., “Improved Formulation of Travelling Fires and Application to Concrete and Steel Structures,” Structures, V. 3, Aug. 2015, pp. 250-260. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2015.06.001
39. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.
40. ASTM E119-20, “Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, 36 pp.
41. Lin, T. Y., “Load-Balancing Method for Design and Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Structures,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 60, No. 6, June 1963, pp. 719-742.
42. ASTM C39/C39M-21, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, 8 pp.
43. ISO 834-1:1999, “Fire-Resistance Tests — Elements of Building Construction — Part 1: General Requirements,” International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999, 25 pp.
44. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423, “Guide to Estimating Prestress Losses (ACI 423.10R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 64 pp.
45. Cooper, M. G.; Mikic, B. B.; and Yovanovich, M. M., “Thermal Contact Conductance,” International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, V. 12, No. 3, Mar. 1969, pp. 279-300. doi: 10.1016/0017-9310(69)90011-8
46. Yovanovich, M. M., “New Contact and Gap Conductance Correlations for Conforming Rough Surfaces,” AIAA Paper No. 81-1164, AIAA 16th Thermophysics Conference, Palo Alto, CA, 1981, pp. 1-6.
47. Ghojel, J., “Experimental and Analytical Technique for Estimating Interface Thermal Conductance in Composite Structural Elements under Simulated Fire Conditions,” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, V. 28, No. 4, Mar. 2004, pp. 347-354. doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(03)00113-4
48. Ryan, J. V., and Robertson, A. F., “Proposed Criteria for Defining Load Failure of Beams, Floors, and Roof Constructions During Fire Tests,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section C: Engineering and Instrumentation, V. 63C, No. 2, Oct.-Dec. 1959, pp. 121-124. doi: 10.6028/jres.063C.