Description
This guide describes the technology and applications of fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS) using synthetic and steel fibers. Mechanical properties, particularly toughness, impact, and flexural strength, are improved by fiber addition, and these improvements are described along with other typical properties and benefits, such as control of shrinkage cracking. Proportions of typical mixtures, batching, mixing, and application procedures are described, including methods of reducing rebound and equipment used to apply FRS. Applications of FRS are described, including rock-slope stabilization work, construction and repair of tunnel and mining linings, fire explosive spalling-resistant linings, channel linings, pools and rockscapes, and structure repair. Available design information is briefly discussed, and design references are listed.
Keywords: fiber-reinforced shotcrete; fibers; linings; mining; repair; steel fibers; synthetic fibers; tunnels.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1—Introduction and scope
1.1—Introduction
1.2—Scope
1.3—Historical background
Chapter 2—Notation and definitions
2.1—Notation
2.2—Definitions
Chapter 3—Materials
3.1—General
3.2—Fibers
3.3—Other materials
Chapter 4—Mixture proportions
4.1—General
4.2—Wet-process
4.3—Dry-process
Chapter 5—Production
5.1—General
5.2—Batching and mixing
5.3—Application
Chapter 6—Test procedures
6.1—General
6.2—Fresh properties
6.3—Hardened properties
Chapter 7—Performance of fiber-reinforced shotcrete
7.1—Flexural strength
7.2—Compressive strength
7.3—Shear strength
7.4—Bond strength
7.5—Rebound considerations
7.6—Shrinkage crack control
7.7—Impact resistance
7.8—Thermal explosive spalling
Chapter 8—Design considerations
8.1—General
8.2—Empirical design
8.3—Comparable moment capacity
Chapter 9—Specification and quality control considerations
9.1—General
9.2—Performance specifications
9.3—Prescriptive specifications
Chapter 10—Applications
10.1—General
10.2—Ground support
10.3—Rehabilitation and repair
10.4—Architectural shotcrete
10.5—Explosive spalling resistance
Chapter 11—References
11.1—Referenced standards and reports
11.2—Cited references
Appendix—Example of comparable moment capacity calculations