Table of Contents
Chapter 1—Introduction
1.1—History of portland cement
1.2—Sustainability
1.2.1—Increased use of alternative cementitious materials
1.2.2—Portland cement industry sustainability goals
1.2.3—Reduction in embodied energy
1.2.4—Beneficial reuse of materials
1.2.5—Reduction in clinker factor
1.2.6—Closing
Chapter 2—Manufacture of portland cement
2.1—Raw material preparation
2.2—Pyroprocessing
2.3—Final processing
2.4—Quality control
Chapter 3—Properties and characteristics of cements
3.1—Compound composition
3.2—Types of portland cement
3.3—Hydration of portland cements
3.4—Cement fineness
3.5—Setting behavior
3.6—Heat of hydration
3.7—Strength development
3.8—Sulfate resistance
Chapter 4—Portland cements and their specifications
4.1—Cement types
4.1.1—Portland cement
4.1.1.1—Type I
4.1.1.2—Type II
4.1.1.3—Type III
4.1.1.4—Type IV
4.1.1.5—Type V
4.1.1.6—Air-entrained cements
4.1.1.7—Other specifications
4.1.2—Blended cements
4.1.2.1—Portland blast-furnace slag cement
4.1.2.2—Portland-pozzolan cement
4.1.2.3—Ternary blended cement
4.1.2.4—Designation conventions
4.1.3—Performance specification for hydraulic cements
4.1.4—Other special cements
4.1.4.1—White cement
4.1.4.2—Masonry cement
4.1.4.3—Mortar cement
4.1.4.4—Plastic cement
4.1.4.5—Expansive cement
4.1.4.6—Water-repellent cement
4.1.4.7—Well cement
4.1.4.8—Rapid-setting cements
Chapter 5—Standard tests for portland cements
5.1—Chemical tests
5.2—Physical tests
5.2.1—Fineness
5.2.2—Setting behavior
5.2.3—False set
5.2.4—Soundness
5.2.5—Heat of hydration
5.2.6—Strength tests
5.2.7—Air content of mortar
5.2.8—Sulfate expansion
Chapter 6—Fly ash and natural pozzolans
6.1—Classification of pozzolans
6.2—Fly ash as a cementitious material
6.3—Effect of fly ash on fresh concrete
6.3.1—Workability
6.3.2—Water demand
6.3.3—Effect on entrained air content
6.3.4—Pumping
6.3.5—Time of set
6.3.6—Bleeding
6.3.7—Consolidation
6.3.8—Heat evolution
6.4—Effect of fly ash on hardened concrete
6.4.1—Strength
6.4.2—Permeability
6.4.3—Durability
6.4.4—Sulfate attack
6.4.5—Acid resistance
6.4.6—Corrosion resistance
6.4.7—Reduction of expansion caused by alkali-silica reactivity
6.4.8—Resistance to freezing and thawing
6.5—Concrete mixture considerations with fly ash
Chapter 7—Slag cement
7.1—Classification of blast-furnace slag
7.2—Slag cement as supplementary cementitious material
7.3—Effects of slag cement on fresh and hardened properties of concrete
Chapter 8—Silica fume
8.1—Silica fume production
8.2—Silica fume as cementitious material
8.3—Effects of silica fume on properties of fresh and hardened concrete
Chapter 9—Ground glass pozzolan
9.1—Sources of ground glass
9.2—Ground glass pozzolan production
9.3—Glass classification
9.4—Effects of ground glass pozzolan in concrete
Chapter 10—Additional factors in selection and use of portland cement
10.1—Uniformity
10.1.1—Strength variations
10.1.2—Color variations
10.2—Handling and storage of cement
10.2.1—Cement temperature
10.3—Availability